Activism without hope? Four varieties of postapocalyptic environmentalism

Hope has long been seen as essential to motivate social movement activism. However, in the transition and collapsology networks, a ‘postapocalyptic’ environmentalism that views catastrophe ongoing or unavoidable is gaining ground, reflecting an increasing awareness environmental catastrophes are already here have become inevitable. If hope can no longer mean averting catastrophe, what role does play form it take? Can there be activism without hope? Based on interviews with participants networks Sweden, I propose typology of forms postapocalyptic In first (‘campaigning’), accompanied by confrontational action. second (‘mourning’), loss brings about withdrawal from such A third (‘building’) shows how new generated through non-confrontational action, while fourth (‘doing right thing’) represented action resting other motivations than